PREAMBLE

The Geography syllabus is designed to evaluate candidates’ knowledge of the features of the earth’s crust (internal and external), the spatial spread of the physical and human features, the interactions that exist between man and these spatial features, the changes that occur over space as well as the effects of those changes on man with a view to maintaining sustainability in man’s ecosystem. This examination syllabus is based on the assumption that not less than three hours of teaching per week will be allocated to the subject.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The examination will test the candidates’ ability to:
(i) Explain the concepts of differential character and the spatial relationships of the surface features of the earth; 
(ii) Explain the concepts of man- environment relations (i.e. to analyse the life of man within his physical and cultural environments and to explain their interactions); 
(iii) Demonstrate a basic knowledge of the nature and functioning of physical and human environments, particularly an understanding of their inter-relationships and the resulting issues; 
(iv) Organize and formulate principles according to acquired geographical concepts and then apply these principles to interpret and analyze spatial problems in the immediate and wider environments; 
(v) Demonstrate skills and techniques for accurate, orderly and objective geographical investigations to be carried out both in the classrooms and in the immediate environment; 
(vi) Communicate geographical ideas effectively through reports, graphs, charts, sketches, diagrams and maps; 
(vii) Explain the cultural, social and economic circumstances of people in their immediate environments and those of other countries within the sub-region. 

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
There will be three papers, Papers 1, 2 and 3 all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 shall be a composite paper and will be taken at the same sitting.
PAPER 1: Will consist of fifty objective questions, all of which should be answered in 1 hour for 50 marks. The questions will be drawn from topics in the syllabus that are common to all the member countries.
PAPER 2: It will be made up of two sections, Sections A and B for candidates in Nigeria; and three sections, Sections A, B and C for candidates in Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone and The Gambia.
The paper will contain eight essay-type questions out of which candidates will be required to answer four questions in 2 hours for 80 marks. Candidates will choose their as follows:
(a) Candidates in Nigeria will be required to choose two questions from each of Sections A and B. 
(b) Candidates in Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone and The Gambia will be required to choose at least one question from each of Sections A, B and C. 
Section A: Economic and Human Geography
This will consist of four essay-type Economic and Human Geography questions. Candidates in Nigeria will be required to attempt any two of them while candidates in Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone and The Gambia are to attempt at least one of the questions.
Section B: Regional Geography of Candidate’s Home Country
(a) For Candidates in Nigeria 
There will be four essay-type Regional Geography questions based on candidate’s home country out of which candidates are expected to answer any two. 
(b) For Candidates in Ghana, Sierra Leone, Liberia and The Gambia 
There will be two (2) essay-type Regional Geography questions based on candidates’ home country out of which candidates are expected to answer at least one
Section C: Regional Geography of Africa
There will be two essay-type questions drawn from Africa for candidates in Ghana, Sierra Leone, Liberia and The Gambia out of which candidates are expected to answer at least one. Candidates in Nigeria should not answer questions from this section
PAPER 3: Element of Practical and Physical Geography
Will consist of eight essay-type questions out of which candidates will be required to answer four of them in 1 hour 50 minutes for 70 marks. Question 1, on map reading and interpretation, will be compulsory for all candidates. Candidates are advised not to spend more than 35 minutes on Question 1. Candidates will be expected to bring graduated rulers (both metric and imperial), a complete mathematical set, a piece of string and a silent, non-programmable calculator for the paper DETAILED SYLLABUS
Any topic in the syllabus that is marked with one asterisk (*) will be for candidates in Ghana, Sierra Leone, Liberia and The Gambia. Topics that are marked with two asterisks (**) will be for candidates in Nigeria only. The topics without asterisk are for all member countries.

ELEMENTS OF   PRACTICAL AND Maps: meaning, types and uses.   PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY Map reading and interpretation based on contoured survey   Map work maps of parts of West Africa: scale, measurement of    distances, direction and bearing, map reduction and    enlargement, identification of physical features such as spurs,    valleys, etc. and cultural features such as city walls,    settlements, communication routes, etc.; measurement of    gradients, drawing of cross profiles, inter-visibility,    description and explanation of drainage characteristics and    pattern; patterns of communication, settlement and land use.    Definitions of terms, instruments, chain and prismatic    compass, plotting of traverse, avoiding obstacles in the field.   *Principles of elementary surveying    GIS: Basic concepts, components (hardware, software, data,    procedures and experts); sources of data (land surveying,   **Geographic Information System remote sensing, map digitizing, map scanning, field   (GIS) investigation and tabular data etc); uses (defence, agriculture,    urban development, mapping, surveying, transportation,    census etc), problems (power, personnel, capital etc).    Graphical representation of statistical data: Bar graphs, Line   Statistical maps and diagrams graphs, flow charts, dot maps, proportional circles, density    maps, isopleth maps.    The earth as a planet in relation to the sun, latitude and   Elements of Physical Geography distance, longitude and time, earth’s rotation and revolution    and their effects, structure of the earth (internal and external).    Ocean basins, salinity, ocean current ( causes, types and their   *Hydrosphere effects on the temperature of adjacent coastlands), lakes,    rivers, lagoons, water as an environmental resource.    Types, characteristics, formation and uses.   (i) Rocks Vulcanicity, earthquake, landforms: Mountains, plains, karsts    and coastal landforms (formation, characteristics and   (ii) Tectonic processes importance).    Agencies modifying landforms such as weathering, mass    movement, running water, underground water, wind and      

(iii) Denudational processes 
(iv) Weather and climate 
(v) Climate (a) Elements 
(b) Classification 
** (c ) Climate change 
*(vi) Vegetation
*(vii)Soil
(vii)The environment
(a) Environmental resources 
(b) Environmental problems/ hazards 
(c) Environmental conservation waves.
Simple weather study based on local observation, description of the Stevenson’s screen and uses of basic weather instruments e.g. rain gauge, thermometer, barometer, wind vane etc.
Rainfall, sunshine, air pressure, wind, humidity, temperature and cloud. Factors affecting climatic elements e.g. altitude, latitude, ocean currents, land and sea breezes, continentality, aspect. Interpretation of climatic charts and data.
Major types of climate (Hot climate – Equatorial, Tropical Continental, Desert; Temperate climate – warm and cool). Classification of climate based on Greek and Koppen.
Meaning, causes, effects and remedies.
Major types (Tropical Rainforest, cool/warm temperate woodland, Tropical Grassland); characteristics, distribution, factors affecting their distribution, plant communities. Vegetation as an environmental resource. Conservation of vegetation resources.
Definition, local types and characteristics. Factors and processes of soil formation, soil profile, importance to man and the effects of human activities on soil. Soil erosion and conservation.
Meaning, classification ( renewable and non renewable) types ( vegetation, water, mineral, atmospheric, etc ) and the importance of each.
Types (soil erosion, drought, desert encroachment, flooding and pollution), causes, effects and prevention of each.
Meaning, importance, methods, problems and solutions.  

ECONOMIC AND HUMAN   GEOGRAPHY   (i) World Population Factors and patterns of growth, distribution and movement,    growth rate problems.   (ii) Settlement Types (rural and urban); patterns and factors affecting    location; growth and size; functions of rural and urban    settlements; interaction patterns( urban-rural, rural-urban,    urban-urban, rural-rural); migration.   (iii) Transportation Modes (roads, railways, water, air, pipeline, cables, ropeways    etc.) Transportation and economic development (movement    of people and commodities, national and international trade,    diffusion of ideas and technology, national integration);    problems of transportation and their solutions.   (iv) Industry Classification (primary, secondary and tertiary); types (heavy       and light industry); factors of industrial location;    contributions to development; problems/solutions.   (v) Trade Meaning, types (national and international), reasons for trade,    importance.   (vi) Tourism Meaning, centres, reasons (leisure, recreation, education etc );    importance, problems and solutions.  

ASPECTS OF REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY PECULIAR TO MEMBER COUNTRIES
REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF   NIGERIA   (a) Nigeria on broad outline Location, position, size, distance and political divisions.   (b) Physical setting Relief, drainage, climate, vegetation   (c) Population Size, distribution, structure, population quality, population    movement, population data ( sources and problems/solutions)   (d) Resources Mineral (petroleum, gas, coal, tin/columbite, iron ore,    limestone)- distribution, methods of extraction, problems and    solutions)    Power (Petroleum, gas, coal HEP, solar energy)    Water (rivers, lakes, dams, sea, underground water)    Vegetation (trees, food and cash crops; timber,etc)- forest,    savanna, biosphere.   (e) Agriculture Types of agricultural practices, food and cash crops,    importance, problems and solutions.          (f) Transportation Mode, advantages and disadvantages, problems and    solutions, influence of transportation on human activities.   (g) Communication Communication networks, advantages and disadvantages,    importance, problems and solutions.   (h) Industry Definition, types, major industrial zones, factors of location,       importance, problems and solutions.   (i) Trade Meaning, types (national and international), stock exchange,    capital market, forex, major commercial areas, importance of    commercial activities.   (j) Tourism Meaning, centres, reasons for tourism, importance, problems        and solutions.   (k) Issues on development and Issues of Development and Environmental Conservation:     Rural and regional development, resource management and    environmental concerns    conservation, environmental pollution e.g. air, water, soil,       noise; waste disposal, etc.   (l) ECOWAS Meaning, member countries, purposes/mandate,     advantages/benefits, disadvantages, problems and solutions.      (m) Geo-political issues Geo-political issues-Land reclamation.       REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF   GHANA   (a) Ghana on broad outline Location, position, size, distance and political divisions.      (b) Physical setting Physical environment (geology, relief, drainage, climate,       vegetation and soils).   (c) Population Size, growth, distribution and density, age/sex structure:      (d) Settlement fertility, morbidity and mortality, migration.     Origin, types (rural and urban), characteristics, hierarchy,       land use, urbanization processes, problems and solutions.   (e) Primary economic activities   (i) Agriculture Subsistence (intensive and extensive) commercial (vegetable,     livestock, dairying, commercial grain), plantation, problems       and solutions.   (ii) Fishing Inland and ocean (in-shore/off shore), methods, types of fish,     storage and marketing, importance, problems and solutions.       Sources of timber, methods of exploitation, types of species          (iii) Lumbering (for internal use and for export), problems and solutions,    conservation.    Types, distribution of minerals, methods of extraction,   (iv) Mining importance, problems and solutions.       Types of manufacturing industries, distribution, factors   (f) Manufacturing influencing location of industries, problems of       industrialization.    Services, transport and communication, recreation and   (g) Trade and commerce tourism, administration.    Meaning, centres, reasons for tourism, importance, problems   (h) Tourism and solutions.    Water (Akosombo and Kpong Hydro-electric Power projects   (i) Energy and power – benefits and side effects), fuel wood and charcoal,    petroleum and natural gas (Saltpond), solar, wave and wind    energies (Donkokrom and Kokrobite), Biogas e.g. cow dung.    Issues of Development and Environmental Conservation:   (i) Issues on development Rural and regional development, resource management and    and environmental conservation, environmental pollution e.g. air, water, soil,    concerns noise; waste disposal etc.    REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF   SIERRA LEONE   (a)  Sierra Leone on broad Size and location, physical environment, people and      outline settlements.       (b) Primary economic activities   (i)Agriculture Meaning of agriculture, Subsistence (intensive and extensive)    commercial (vegetable, livestock, dairying, commercial grain    production), plantation, problems and solutions.   (ii) Fishing Meaning of fishing, Inland and ocean (in-shore/off shore),    methods, types of fish, storage and marketing, importance,    problems and solutions.   (iii) Lumbering Meaning of lumbering, Sources of timber, methods of    exploitation, types of species (for internal use and for export),    problems and solutions, conservation.          (iv) Mining Types, distribution of minerals, methods of extraction,       problems and solutions.   (c) Manufacturing Location of industry, types of industries, problems of    manufacturing industry, Energy and Power, water, fuelwood    and charcoal, biogas (e.g. cow-dung), hydro-electric power    projects e.g. Dodo, Guma, Bumbuna.   (d) Transport and Road, rail, water, air, the roles of transport and    communication communication to economic development,( internal and    external trade, diffusion of ideas and technology), problems       of transport and communication, solutions.   (e ) Trade Major commodities of trade (agricultural, manufactured       goods, minerals, etc.), patterns of trade (internal and    external), problems of trade.   (f) Population Size, growth, distribution and migration.      (g) Tourism Meaning, development of tourism, problems of tourism &       solutions, socio-economic effects of tourism. Main tourism    areas, factors responsible for its development, economic    importance.   

REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF  LIBERIA   (a) Liberia on broad outline Location, position, size, distance and political divisions.      (b) Physical setting Relief, drainage, climate, vegetation and soil.      (c) Population Size, distribution, structure, population quality, population       movement, population data ( sources, problems & solutions)   (d) Resources Mineral, power, water and vegetation resources, importance       of resources to development.   (e) Agriculture Types of agricultural practices, food and cash crops,       importance, problems and solutions.   (f) Transportation Mode, advantages and disadvantages, problems and  solutions, influence of transportation on human activities.   (g) Communication Communication networks, advantages and disadvantages,    importance, problems & solutions.   (h) Industry Definition, types, major industrial zones, factors of location,       importance, problems and solutions, importance.    Meaning, types ( national and international), forex, major       (i) Trade commercial areas, importance of commercial activities.    Meaning, centres, reasons for tourism, importance, problems   (j) Tourism and solutions.    Meaning of fishing, Inland and ocean (in-shore/off shore),   (k) Fishing methods, types of fish, storage and marketing, importance,    problems and solutions.    Types, distribution of minerals, methods of extraction,   (l) Mining problems and solutions.   

REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF   SENEGAMBIA   (a) Senegambia on broad Location, position, size, distance and political divisions.        outline   (b) Physical setting Relief, drainage, climate, vegetation and soil.   (c) Population Size, distribution, structure, population quality, population    movement, population data ( sources, problems &solutions)   (d) Resources Mineral, power, water and vegetation resources, importance    of resources to development.   (e) Agriculture Types of agricultural practices, food and cash crops,    importance, problems and solutions.   (f) Transportation Mode, advantages and disadvantages, influence of    transportation on human activities, problems and solutions.   (g) Communication Communication networks, advantages and disadvantages,    importance, problems and solutions.   (h) Industry Definition, types, major industrial zones, factors of location,    importance, problems and solutions.   (i) Mining Types, distribution, methods of extraction, problems and     solutions      (j) Fishing Meaning of fishing, Inland and ocean (in-shore/off shore),     methods, types of fish, storage and marketing, problems and       solutions.   (k) Issues on development and Issues of Development and Environmental Conservation:    environmental concerns Rural and regional development, resource management and    conservation, environmental pollution e.g. air, water, soil,    noise, waste disposal etc.   (l) Trade Meaning, types (national and international), forex, major    commercial areas, importance of commercial activities,    problems and solutions.   (m) Tourism    Meaning, centres, reasons for tourism, importance, problems     

REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA
(a) Africa on broad outline (b) Selected topics 
(i) Irrigation agriculture (ii) Plantation agriculture (iii) Oil production (iv) Lumbering (v) Gold Mining (vi) Copper mining (vii) Population (viii) ECOWAS 
FIELD WORKand solutions.
Location, size, position, political divisions and associated islands, physical features and their economic importance (relief, drainage, climate and vegetation), distribution of minerals.
Irrigation agriculture in the Nile Basin and the Niger Basin.
Plantation agriculture in West and East Africa.
Oil production in Nigeria, Ghana and Libya.
Lumbering in Equatorial Africa (with particular reference to
Cote d’Ivoire and Zaire).
Gold mining in South Africa.
Copper mining in Zambia and Zaire
Population distribution in West Africa.
Meaning, member countries, purposes/mandate, advantages/benefits, disadvantages, problems and solutions.
Fieldwork on any one of the following topics should be based on local geography of candidate’s home country. (This aspect of the syllabus should be examined by schools as part of the continuous assessment and should account for 25% of the total mark allotted to continuous assessment).
(i)  Land use (rural or urban):
rural – crop farming (e.g. rice, cocoa, etc. ) urban crop farming
mining (e.g. coal, tin, petroleum etc.), fishing. urban – commercial activities, ports, factories, recreational etc.
(ii) Market survey – rural or urban. 
(iii) Traffic flow – rural or urban. 
(iv) Patterns of journey to work – rural or urban. 
(v) Rate of erosion in the locality, etc. 

SUGGESTED READING LIST
 S/N AUTHOR TITLE PUBLISHER      1. R. B. BUNNETT & P.O. OKUNROTIFA General Geography in Diagram for Longman    West Africa.   2. B. O. AKINDELE & G. C. LEONG Certificate Physical and Human Oxford    Geography (West African Edition).   3. STRAHLER, A. N. Introduction to Physical Wiley International Ed.    Geography.   4. MONKHOUSE, F. J. Principles of Physical Geography. University of London       5. UDO, REUBEN K. Comprehensive Geography of Longman        Tropical Africa.   6. UDO, REUBEN K. Geographical Regions of Nigeria. Longman       7. N. P. ILOEJE A new Geography of Nigeria (New Longman     Edition).      8. M. A. ABEGUNDE et al Senior Secondary Geography Series Longman     (1-3)      9. DICKSON K. B. & BENNEH G. New Geography of Ghana. Ghana University Press       10. DICKSON & ACHEAMPONG Geography for Senior Secondary Ghana Education Service     Schools in Ghana.      11. OBOLI, H.O.N. An outline Geography of West Harrap & Company     Africa.      12. J. I. CLARKE Sierra Leone in Maps. Hodder & Stoughton       13. GWYN-JONES A New Geography of Sierra Leone. Hodder & Stoughton       14. PRITCHARD, J. M. Africa. Longman Macmillan       15. M. DUZE & AFOLABI OJO Macmillan Senior School Atlas. Longman       16. COLLINS New Secondary School Atlas.       17. PHILIPS World Atlas.        Longman Dictionary of Geography       18. CLARY AUDREY N. (Human and Physical). Longman    A Penguin Dictionary of geography   19. MOORE, W. E.    Basic Geography Course for Senior   20. N. P. ILOEJE, P.C. ONOKALA & F.O. Secondary Schools Books 1-3. Longman     ODEMERHO       Macmillan Senior School Atlas for    Liberia Schools.    MACMILLAN Macmillan   21. IGCSE Geography           Guiness, P. & Nagle, G. Hodder Education, UK   22.